The roles of learning and motivation in total quality management Essay

The roles of learning and motivation in total quality management - Essay Example widely acknowledged and practiced by successful organizations and firms on a world wide basis; the philosophy originates with the concept of continuous improvement but expands to a wide array of different processes to ensure that quality is the utmost objective of all organizational operations (Terziovski et al., 2000). In addition to that TQM highlights the critical issue of customer satisfaction as a benchmark for measuring, assessing, evaluating and achieving eventually high quality standards in the provision of both services and products. While Total Quality Management is considered a systematic approach to quality, the majority of researchers argue that it is more of a philosophical perspective and view of the organization rather than a practical implementation of systems and tools. According to Coyle-Shapiro (1999) the objective of TQM is to transform an organizational culture towards a culture of quality. Ambroz (2004) posits that the culture is the dominant issue in TQM and most importantly the culture becomes a key ‘ingredient’ for achieving successful TQM. Within the framework of culture two critical issues emerge; the learning orientation of the organization and the employees’ motivation and participation towards managing and continuously improving quality (Dimitriades, 2000; Wilkinson et al., 2003; Yeh, 2003). This paper discusses the role of the learning orientation and the motivation of employees towards this respect. Total Quality Management is the philosophy which places quality at the very top of every organizational operation or process. Adopting a TQM approach to managing quality fairly implies that the organization is transformed to a quality oriented organization; this further implies that the culture of organization is transformed towards a more quality-drive and quality-focus culture. This transformation is not only theoretical but it becomes practical too, when processes and procedures are redesigned or re-configured in order to

How obamacare relates to the practice of nursing and healthcare Essay

How obamacare relates to the practice of nursing and healthcare - Essay Example The name Obamacare was ironically given to it by Mitt Romney in 2007 as a pejorative term and was readily picked by media and then by Obama and other democrats. When Obama was talking about healthcare reforms, Romney took it as a threat and warned his supporters and Republicans in an address that Obama was just doing it to earn fame and to brag about it later. Romney mockingly said that if Democrats win and implement their healthcare policies, they are going to be more about their fame and less about the public welfare and the Democrats would probably name their policies according to their own names like Obamacare and Hillarycare etc. Romney also called it â€Å"socialized medicine† (Pham, 2013). When Obama was asked about it later, he very proudly said that â€Å"Yes, Obama cares†. This reform underwent a lot of ups and downs before getting signed. A very lengthy debate was held on this topic in the Senate and the House of Representatives and a lot of media hype was gi ven to the issue. Due to all this highlighting, it became one of the popular topic of debates and discussions among all and sundry and at the same time it gave rise to bravura of confusions and myths. It became one of the most debated topics in USA and ironically, most of the people didn’t even know actually about its exact implications (Wallace, 2012). The American citizens were already having healthcare facilities and insurance under the Medicaid laws that were being practiced. Being used to the existing healthcare and insurance policies, Obamacare became a hard pill to swallow for the American citizens and especially for the elderly people. With lack of awareness and confusing debates on media no one in America exactly knows whether Obamacare is actually going to help or to add more to their sufferings. Actually Obamacare is the overhauling of the already existing policies of healthcare and insurance. It adds more to the healthcare system of the country by increasing quali ty and affordability of health insurance. This affordability and quality is aimed to be achieved by lowering the insurance rates and increasing public and private insurance. There are many provisions that are going to be practiced under the banner of Obamacare. These are specifically designed to get more and more public attracted towards the new policy and by making the conditions easier or at least apparently easier for the public. This policy ensures same premium price for everyone, despite of their existing conditions. So this is going to be affordable and available for all without any discrimination. It also prohibits denial due to pre existing conditions. This policy is going to help people with low incomes. It is going to give them equal health benefits and thus going to be very useful. It is also going to provide subsidies for low income individuals and families. These subsidies are going to be provided to people who are earning between 100% and 400% of Federal poverty level. This is a very practically helpful step for people with low incomes and thus they can have good and affordable healthcare with provision of this subsidy that covers a lot of people with low incomes. This subsidy will also encourage people to get insured because of its affordability and thus it will practically help in getting nearer to the notion of universal healthcare. There are also going to be many reforms in the Medicaid payment systems and with these reforms Obamacare will

Example Of Company In Malaysia English Language Essay

Example Of Company In Malaysia English Language Essay There are several examples of company in Malaysia using different types of interview method such as partner interview, competency based interview, selection interview, and technical interview. Partner interview focus on more discussion than formal competency based interview .Normally, senior manager would ask the candidates to describe how they will act if given a particular situation. For instance, a question from PricewaterhouseCoopers Company in Malaysia (PwC) for the candidates, asking that if you were senior partner at PwC, what would keep you up at night? Besides that, partner interview also focuses on commitment to career and commercial awareness competencies in PwC. Commitment to career is a capability should enable candidates to illustrate in job interviews. Interviewers will always try to investigate how much the candidates know about their organization. For example, the position they apply for, the industry they will work in and what they will be doing if they are employed. Hence, commitment to a career is a highly valued capability to employers because they can determine whether a candidate is a good investment. Furthermore, commercial awareness is the competen cy to observe the scenario from a commercial or business perspective. It follows what makes a business successful by the purchasing and trading of goods and services and the factors that affect success. In addition, the interview in PwC will also have a competency based interview conducted by their Manager from the line or service Senior Manager to which candidates had applied. It is given approximately 45 minutes to conduct the interview. It will focus mainly on candidates resumes and previous experiences. Candidates will be evaluated on core competencies. PwC have judged are vital to all employees to possess. These are commitment to career, commercial awareness, teamwork, motivation, initiative, flexibility and communicating with impact. Interview questions that will be provided for graduate candidates at PwC, just like the others of the Big 4 Company, are standardized. They normally will be asked some interview questions like, What are your development areas?, What do you think is your strengths?, What is the reason that make you want to leave your present job? and many more. Candidates should withstand PwCs Global Core competencies in mind during their interviews as what they will be tested on. At interview, they are expected to be able to give examples on how they show these efficiencies in the previous organization. Moreover, they will be supposed to give responses according to the experiences within university years such as work, education and extracurricular. Generally, PwC interview will more on flowing conversation between candidates and interviewer. Although the interview will be competency based, however, the examples graduate candidates are asked by manager may be related to their resumes or general discussion about their accomplishment. However, speaking in English fluently also makes the candidates easy to communicate with the interviewers to deliver their messages efficiently. The other example of company in Malaysia is Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) shows a procedure of hiring and recruiting for public view, which is known as selection interview. The hiring process and procedures will be available for applicants in BNMs official website. While, there is no apparent evidence that states the steps are properly adhered and executed, demonstrating like the right choice for employer in a sequence of work passes from initiation to completion, and delivers the right message to the candidates that the company conducts the hiring process seriously. The BNM is looking for the employees that possess the ability of passionate, high achievers, k-workers like those who have the knowledge and creativity to face challenges and team spirit. The above illustration shows the interview and recruitment process. Normally, for those who applying for a position in Bank Negara, they will experience a few recruitment processes, which are divided into 3 sections. Firstly, the Filtering or the Preliminary step will be involved more on resume screening, which screening is made on the candidates working experience, academic qualification and professional requirements. Candidates may be called up for the first round interview. Next, for the professional positions, as prior condition, candidates are required to achieve 3.0 CGPA, which mean 2nd Class Upper or equivalent, in the tertiary education, as well as scoring a Credit in Bahasa Malaysia and English in SPM. Once the candidates pass the initial screening, they will call up for the next screening process, which implicates paper assessment, and as well as a behavioral interview. Behavioral based interview is more likely assessed in the personality, character and communication skill rather than their technical skills. Finally, for those candidates who pass the interview and assessment will be hired by Senior Manager and get confirmation from the management department, Human Resource and the hiring division. Therefore, an offer will be prolonged and the offer letter will be sent to the succeeded candidates. KPMG in Malaysia also conducts technical interview in their firm. This is a kind of interview that representively significant questions to the role candidates have applied for, brain teaser or numerical reasoning questions, or both. Technical interviews are commonly used to assess candidates for specialist graduate job positions. For example, jobs in Information Technology, Engineering and Science rather than common graduate schemes. Candidates should have the computerized skills; demonstrate personal skills, ability to face the stress in order to achieve the organizational goal. Besides that, communication skill is important when they are requested to present their proposal during the interview. For example, in the KPMG accounting firm, candidates will be asked in detail about the technologies that were applied on the project and the processes employed .Candidates are required to explain their role was to ensure the system work smoothly. Furthermore, if candidates managed a team then they will be asked about their management style and how they ensured their team worked effectively and the progress they had made. Sometimes candidates may be asked about specific investment products that they have worked with, if it is on their resumes, they can use these ideas in the position that they are applying for. Conclusion Interview is the most common method for a company to gather job analysis data. It provides those realistic information about what actually job incumbents do. Most of the company managers use these method for developing job description as well as job specification. An interview is a conversation between two or more people where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain more information from the candidate through oral responses to oral inquires. There are several kinds of interviews that apply in the work setting of an organization. For instant, there are appraisal interview, exit interview and selection interview. There are also three types of selection interview structure such as unstructured interviews, semi-structured interviews and structured interviews. Selection interview have pros and cons. In the pros view, we can determine whether the candidate has the requisition necessary for the job a not, interviewer can obtain supplementary information, and etc. For the cons view, a subjective evaluations can be made in which decision tend to be made within the first few minutes of the interview and the remainder of the interview used to validate or justify the original judgement, and etc. Interviewer can classify interviews based on the content or types of questions to ask the candidates. There are situational interview questions where the candidate being interviewed to describe about the action they will take in a given situation. Another type would be the behavioral interview where interviewer asks the candidate to describe how the candidate reacted to actual situations in the past. There are also job-related interview questions where the interviewer asks the candidates about questions that are related to job that focus on relevant past job-related behaviours. Besides, there are also stress interview which an uncomfortable situation is deliberately created during the interview in order to test how the candidate is going to react under pressure. The aim is supposedly to spot sensitive candidates and the degree of stress tolerance of candidates. Every company have different ways administering the interview of their company such as using unstructured sequential interviews which interviewers ask the candidates questions as they come on mind, using structure sequential interview which the candidate is interviewed sequentially by several persons and each interview rates the candidate on a standard form, using the panel interview where interview conducted by a group of people and not just by a single interviewer, using phone interview where interview for employment is conducted on the phone when it is not convenient to meet in person, using video or web-assisted interview which the firms use the web to do selection interview, and using computerized interview. There are similarities and differences among countries all over the world in assessing the interviewees. In Australia, the interviewers emphasize the first impression that the interviewees portray before the interview session begins, during the interview and after the interview session ends. The first impression includes both the physical appearances and non-verbal behaviours of the interviewees. The interviewees are expected to dress neatly and properly when attending an interview. Interviewees are also advised to have more eye contact and show high level of energy in an interview session as this may help them to succeed in the first interview. The non-verbal behaviours that interviewees in Australia show are shaking hands with everybody in the interview room before interview begins and before the interviewees leave the room, maintaining eye contact with interviewers while talking and sitting down only after the interviewers invite them to do so. These non-verbal behaviours are almo st same as Americans. People, in western countries such as America, prefer addressing people with first name while people in eastern countries such as Japan and Malaysia prefer last name basis in greeting. Punctuality is important in interview as it show that the interviewees are interested in the job that they applied. Biases in the aspect of gender in found in a portion of interviews in eastern countries. In western countries, people emphasize on the higher position of job and qualifications. However, most countries apply similar factors when assessing the interviewees. In Malaysia, PricewaterhouseCoopers Company apply partner interview and competency based interview in interview session. Partner interview focus more on discussion, commitment to career and commercial awareness competencies. Competency based interview emphasize the candidates resumes and previous experiences. Candidates will be evaluated on their core competencies. Candidates may respond to interview by relating the answers to their previous experiences. The type of interview that Bank Negara Malaysia applied is selection interview. Interviewees have to undergo a few recruitment processes. The preliminary step is resume screening. After this, candidates may be called up for first interview. After candidates pass initial screening, they will be called up for paper assessment and behavioral interview session. Finally, those candidates who pass the interview and assessment will be hired and get confirmation. KPMG conducts technical interview, which is used to assess candidates for speci alist graduate job positions. Candidates will be asked about the technologies applied and process employed. Although there are several types of interview that companies can apply, an effective interview is the most important aspect for the companies to hire the best candidate that are applying for the job. The interviewers are expected to prepare for the interview, formulate questions to ask the interviewees, conduct the interview and match the candidates to the job that suits them. The interviewers should make sure that the candidates know the requirements of the vacancy such as job description, experiences and skills that are required. The candidates details and application data are read and any questions or clarifications concerning the details are prepared before conducting the interview. Questions relating to the skills, experiences, and knowledge should be asked too. Interviewees should also be prepared for the interview, uncover the interviewers needs and relate the answers to their needs, make good impression by arriving on time and dress neatly, think before answering and ask ques tions relating to the organization or job.

What is Love? Essays -- Literary Analysis, Donne, Loves Alchemy

â€Å"I love you†. No other sequence of words has so much power; these words have the power to strengthen a bond, weaken a relationship, ruin a friendship or bring two people together. The concept of love is puzzling and we have struggled to understand it for centuries, everything between the Greek goddess Aphrodite and today’s Romantic comedies have attempted to comprehend and explain it. The theme of love is popular in Donne’s early poetry. His understanding of love from the perspective of a protestant preacher reveals much about the anti-Christian sentiments and of the scientific revolution of the 17th century. A close analysis of Donne’s poem, â€Å"Love’s Alchemy† and of the film â€Å"When Harry Met Sally† reveals the strength behind Donne’s idea that sex is the end goal in relationships and that true love is physical. In the first two lines of â€Å"Love’s Alchemy† Donne sets up his attack on platonic love when he compares it to the unsuccessful results of alchemy. The words â€Å"deeper digged love’s mine† (1) creates the association between platonic love and alchemy. The mine represents both the physical mine in which we find base metals, and secondly the spiritual mine in which we find love. For Donne, the idea of platonic love is as worthless as the metals pulled from the mine – and much like the alchemist cannot turn it into gold, the Platonist will never turn his idea into true love. The metaphor of depth implies a direction inward, mainly into one’s soul. The â€Å"centric happiness† (2) of the next line reinforces the idea of inner digging; the center of the soul is where Platonists believe love to be. Another interpretation of the mine demonstrates how digging deep is necessary for love; since alchemy never produces gold, the on... ...this way could represent how this notion of love plagues society and that it is an enemy we must unite against. The speaker also warns against the inevitable loss of these qualities should platonic love be pursued â€Å"for this vain bubble’s shadow pay?† (14) The use of the word â€Å"pay† likens the pursuit of platonic love to crime in which the guilty person must pay a fine. The image of the bubble on the other hand represents fragility and transparency which means that these are characteristics of platonic love. The concept of platonic love as fragile and transparent is also present in â€Å"When Harry Met Sally†. Initially when Harry tells his friend about his platonic relationship with Sally, his friend is unconvinced. This reaction is justified because near the end of the film, the platonic relationship dissipates and they have sex which eventually leads to marriage.

Assignment: Wal-Mart Essay

Wal-Mart, the retail icon, taking on yet another strategy when sitting somewhat comfortably, (a business is never comfortable or should not be so comfortable), especially when the one to â€Å"beat.† Advertising strategy is as any strategy and that is with risk. An example of such risk is investing and the risk tolerance for each individual, conservative, moderate, or aggressive specific to goals. Wal-Mart is able to take the aggressive stance but not necessary because of their national, soon-to-be (?), global success but can never consider permanent. As said, it is much more difficult to remain on top than to work towards the top. The latest advertising campaign is one of a surprisingly risky and unique platform for Wal-Mart. Still attempting to disassociate itself from the negative image of a discriminatory violator of employee rights and participant of extensive bribery allegations gave way to an, as interpreted, defensive almost challenging response from a seemingly naà ¯ve, oblivious, and loyal Lee Scott, CEO or one only too aware and guilt driven angry. That is giving the CEO the benefit of the doubt unless privy to undocumented evidence to refute the crimes allegedly committed. A lengthy investigation into the bribery allegations includes that sometime in January 2006, the case had reached a critical juncture. Wal-Mart’s leaders were again weighing whether to approve a full investigation that would inevitably focus on a star executive already publicly discussed as a potential successor to Mr. Scott, (Barstow, David, 2012); the same quoted in the latest ad campaign. Wal-Mart’s ethics policy offered clear direction. â€Å"Never cover up or ignore an ethics problem,† the policy states and some who were involved in the investigation argued that it was time to take a stand against signs of rising corruption in Wal-Mart’s global operations. Each year the company received hundreds of internal reports of bribery and fraud, records showed. In Asia alone, there had been 90 reports of bribery just in the previous 18 months. After years of investigation that turned up evidence upon evidence to validate corruption and illegal activity, ultimately resulted in â€Å"swept under the rug† acceptance and closing of the investigation. With the closing of another â€Å"money=innocence† case offers the opportunity to focus on the latest advertising campaign left to surmise its intent. Somewhat biased after a brief research of Wal-Mart remarkably did not affect the initial perception and is as thus: In response to, â€Å". . . when special-interest groups and critics spread misinformation about Wal-Mart, the public deserves to hear the truth, everyone is entitled to their own opinions about our company, but they are not entitled to make up their own facts.† * The intent here is a â€Å"We are so confident in our innocence of unsubstantiated allegations we can be so bold to force a code of ethics we abide by and cannot be reasonably denied upon and challenge anyone attempting.† A portrayal of morals and ethics defended is one perception. * The possible negative impact is the audacity Wal-Mart has to tell anyone what or how to think, act, or live. * Attempting to reach further than their established target market, a newspaper ad appeals to a different market that as of yet not a typical Wal-Mart shopper can validate this new strategy. * Creative execution, as interpreted, is the driving force of such a bold and challenging advertisement. Its effectiveness of this campaign has not rendered statistics to my knowledge, but as an already not impressed by pricing, customer service, and the whole Wal-Mart shopping experience consumer, this advertisement does not improve their chances of my being a regular if at all customer. For a value shopper that I consider myself avoids Wal-Mart for reasons aforementioned and the cleanliness factor, the employees lack of knowledge of products and location of products, and the much too often out of stock issues encountered leaves desperation the only reason to shop in a Wal-Mart. Works Cited Barstow, David. (2012, April 21). Vast Mexico Bribery Case Hushed Up by Wal-Mart After Top-Level Struggle. Retrieved from New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/business/at-wal-mart-in-mexico-a-bribe-inquiry-silenced.html?pagewanted=all

Online Hotel reservation Essay

INTRODUCTION Over the years, the internet has greatly changed the way people use computers and communicate today. Many Internet terms have become part of people’s everyday language and e-mail has added a whole new means through which people can communicate. By the turn of the century, information, including access to the Internet, will be the basis for personal, economic, and political advancement. The popular name for the Internet is the information superhighway. Whether you want to find the latest financial news, browse through library catalogs, exchange information with colleagues, or join in a lively political debate, the Internet is the tool that will take you beyond telephones, faxes, and isolated computers to a burgeoning networked information frontier. The pace of change brought about by new technologies has had a significant effect on the way people live and work worldwide. New and emerging technologies challenge the traditional process of teaching and learning, and the way education is managed. Information technology, while an important area of study in its own right, is having a major impact across all curriculum areas. As internet technology has improved, so have online reservation systems. Today, it is possible through online, to make a reservation for a hotel anywhere in the world. Hotels can create Web site and post new content on it every day. Technology has gone a long way, improving the lives of people. These technological breakthroughs have lots to offer, making great things in the easiest, fastest and efficient possible ways you can think of. Online hotel Reservation is very useful for the people especially for socials that they can now easily reserve a room in a hotel through online Internet. Easy worldwide communication provides instant access to a vast array of data. Project Overview Project Statement The hotel reservation system will provide service to on-line customers, travel agents, and an administrator. On-line customers and travel agents can make searches, reservations and cancel an existing reservation on the hotel reservation’s web site. Administrator can add/update the hotel and the room information approve/disapprove a new travel agent’s account application and  generate a monthly occupancy rate report for each hotel. Literature review The design of travel and tourism websites has received substantial attention by scholars (e.g.Schegg et al., 2002; Law and Leung, 2002; Law andWong, 2003; Scharl, Wà ¶ber and Bauer, 2003; Landvogt, 2004; So and Morrison, 2004; Essawy, 2005; Jeong et al., 2005; Law and Hsu,2006;Zafiropoulos and Vrana, 2006; Schmidt, Cantallops, and dos Santos, 2007).Landvogt (2004) evaluates several online booking engines over 23 differentcriteria, like overall user friendliness, payment method, instant confirmation,reliability, and invoicing function among others. These criteria present some ofsystem’s functions and design principles discussed furtherin current paper.In their study Jeong et al. (2005) find that only two characteristics ofhotel websites (information completeness and ease of use) are importantdeterminants of perceived website quality. These results are bewildering asmost studies identify more dimensions of perceived service quality to besignificant for website users. Law and Hsu (2006), for example, assess thedimensions of hotel websites (information regarding the reservation, hotelfacilities, contact details of the property, surrounding area and websitemanagement) and attributes in each dimension mostly valued by online users.Some of the most important website attributes are found to be the room rates,availability and security of payments (in the reservation informationdimension), the location maps, hotel and room amenities (in facilitiesinformation), telephone, address and e-mail of the hotel (for contactinformation), transportation to the hotel, airports and sights (for surroundingarea information), and up-to-date information, multilingual site and shortdownload time (for website management). So and Morrison (2004) applysimilar criteria for website evaluation as the preceding study but they groupthem into technical, marketing, consumer perspective and destinationinformation perspective criteria.Essawy (2005) focuses on website usability and shows that severeusability problems with interface quality, information quality, and servicequality affect negatively the purchase and revisit intentions of website users.The author identifies some of the practical tools/activities for increasing users’perceived satisfaction, purchase intention, and potential relationship building –exchanging links  with local points of interest, shorter/simpler pathways toleisure breaks, greater depth of information for room facilities and pricing,providing proactive interactions, and avoiding third-party reservation systems. In similar vein, Scharl, Wà ¶ber and Bauer (2003) assess the effectiveness ofhotel websites. Authors identify personal, system and media factors thatcontribute to hotel website adoption. In the system factors group, that is morecontrollable by the hotel management compared to personal and media factors,they identify the perceived utility of the product, speed of the system,intelligence, layout, services, languages, navigation, interactivity, reliability ofthe system.Research has also shown that trust is an important dimension of websitedevelopment (Fam, Foscht and Collins, 2004; Chen, 2006; Wu and Chang, 2006). If consumers do not trust the website they will not visit it, or will nottransform their visits into real purchases.Although much effort has been put towards evaluating the design oftourism websites and the identification of website attributes highly valued bycustomers, there is a gap in the research in the OHRS design and its specificproblems have not received enough attention in previous research with fewnotable exceptions. In series of reports Bainbridge (2002, 2003a, 2003b)discusses the practical aspects of the OHRS design (the search option in thesystems, the booking process and the date format), while Ivanov (2002, 2005)discusses the types and main characteristics of OHRSs and the major marketingdecisions to be taken by the marketing managers in their design. The review of available literature on the tourism / hotel website and OHRS design reveals the following conclusions:  · Website users are interested in easy navigation through the system.  · They want abundance of information for the services offered in textand pictures.  · Trust is vital for the usage of the system.  · Website design can significantly influence the online experience of theusers and their purchase intentions.  · Website design itself does not guarantee online purchases but it is theperceived utility of the product that attracts customers. Demographic characteristics and Internet Usage Behaviour Education level, age, income,and occupation have been found to be significantly different among Internet users. Bonn etal.(1998)[15] study showed that those who use the Internet as a travel information-gathering tool are likely to bemore educated, younger, with higher household incomes, use commercial lodging accommodations while traveling, tend to travel by air and spend more money on travel-related expenses. Weber and Roehl’s (1999)[16] study shows similar results. They found that online travel purchasers are more likely to be people who are aged 26-55, with higherincomes, with higher status occupations, and have more years of experience with the Internet than those who do not search or purchase online. The Asian demographic patterns of online purchasers tend to mirror their Western profiles. According tostudies carried out by Technowledge Asia in 1999 and 2000, cybershoppers in the four Asian regions (Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Malaysia) were found to be mainly males, in the age group of 26 to 35 years and better educated. Hence, it has been shown that an individual’s educational level may affect their susceptibility to attitude change. Intelligent people understandcomplex messages better, and as a result, persuasion by complex messages is more likely. In addition, an individual’s educational level is alsopartially a measure of their socioeconomic status. Weber and Roehl (1999)[16] study found that Internet â€Å"bookers† were more likely to have used the Internet for 4 years. Other researchers confirmed that Internet bookers spend more time online per week than those booking offline (Weber and Roehl ,1999)[16]. Finally, the intention to shop online is also influenced by consumers’ Internet shopping history (Shim et al., 2001)[17]. It is demonstrated by pastresearch findings that prior online shoppingexperiences have a direct impact on Internet shopping intentions (Weber and Roehl, 1999)[16]. There have been other studies that have supported online experience or tenure as key determinant of onlinebuying behavior (Bellman, Lohse, and Johnson, 1999[18] and Beldona et al, 2004)[19]. Findings indicate that the greater the number of years the user spent online combined with higher frequency of Internet usage; the greater was the likelihood of buying (Bellman et al., 1999[18]; Weber and Roehl, 1999[16] and Beldona et al 2004)[19]. Alwitt and Hamer (2000)[20] posit that consumers increase  their control with more time spent on the Internet, and in turn develop finer expectations of their interactions with businesses in general. Hammond, McWilliam, and Diaz (1998)[21] of users’ attitudes towards the Web. Based from the literature review of the Internet users,it is noticeable that Internet users are better educated, higher incomes, higher status occupations, have more online experience, use commercial lodging accommodations while travelling and tend to travel by air. In Malaysia, one of the profiles that had an early exposure to the culture of using the Internetfor personal and professional reasons was university residents. These may consist of students, administrators and lecturers. However, university staffs are more likely to fit the profiles of the Internet users (in terms of purchasing) due to their financial capability and mobility. Consequently, this leads to: H1 : There is a relationship between the university   staffs’ demographic factors and the determinants of  online hotel reservation H2 : There is a relationship between the university   staffs’ Internet usage behavior and the determinants of online hotel reservation